(E) Truncated walking (dorsal view) lowering the body and walking ahead slowly, with alternation of legs and arms it is performed with a moving and stopping pattern left arm is moved concomitantly with right leg and vice-versa. (D) Head snaking rapidly approaching a conspecific female, raising the head up (above lateral view of the couple) moving it to alternate sides eight times (four times each side), in a snakelike motion (below dorsal view of the male) it is performed with the throat at the level and in front of the female snout, with the frogs being very close to each other, but without touching. (C) Head bobbing from resting position (above lateral view) performing a single down or up jerky movement with the head without lifting either hands or feet off the ground nor moving the body it is performed preceding calls by males. (B) Two-armed impulse from resting position (above lateral view) boosting the whole body forward by impulsion via an up and down movement with both arms simultaneously, moving the body forward and raising the anterior part of the body. (A) Toes posture from resting position (above frontal view) raising feet and holding feet up for some seconds, exposing dorsal surfaces of toes (below frontal view). This is especially true in tropical regions, most likely due to the higher number of species and phylogenetic groups and/or to ecological factors, such as higher microhabitat diversity. Our findings indicate that communication in species of Hylodes is undoubtedly more sophisticated than we expected and that visual communication in anurans is more widespread than previously thought. hylodids), we discuss and highlight the behavioral diversity in the family Hylodidae. Through the current knowledge on visual signaling in Neotropical torrent frogs (i.e. Control of inflation also provides additional evidence that vocal sac movement and color must be important for visual communication, even while producing sound. We explain how and why this is accomplished. As another novelty for frogs, we show that in addition to choosing which limb to signal with, males choose which of their two vocal sacs will be used for visual signaling. Previously unknown in frogs, we also describe a bimodal inter-sexual communication system where the female stimulates the male to emit a courtship call. We describe its repertoire of acoustic signals as well as one of the most complex repertoires of visual displays known in anurans, including five new visual displays. We investigate intraspecific communication in Hylodes japi, an endemic Brazilian torrent frog with territorial males and an elaborate courtship behavior. Intraspecific communication in frogs plays an important role in the recognition of conspecifics in general and of potential rivals or mates in particular and therefore with relevant consequences for pre-zygotic reproductive isolation.
0 kommentar(er)
